Complicaciones neurológicas en pacientes críticos por SARS-CoV-2 / Neurological complications in critical patients with COVID-19

INTRODUCCIÓN: Nos proponemos analizar las complicaciones neurológicas de los pacientes con infección grave por SARS-CoV-2 que han requerido ingreso en unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI). PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo, observacional, de pacientes consecutivos ingresados en UCI por infección respiratoria grave por SARS-CoV-2 desde el 1 de abril hasta el 1 de junio de 2020. RESULTADOS: Registramos 30 pacientes con síntomas neurológicos, 21 hombres (72,40%), edad media: 57,41 años ± 11,61 desviación estándar (DE). Estancia media en UCI: 18,83 ± 14,33 DE. A nivel sindrómico: 28 pacientes (93,33%) con síndrome confusional agudo, 15 (50%) con patología neuromuscular, 5 (16,66%) con cefalea, 4 (13,33%) con patología cerebrovascular y 4 (13,33%) con encefalopatías/encefalitis. Punción lumbar normal en 6 pacientes (20%). La RMN craneal o TAC craneal mostró alteraciones en 20 casos (66,6%). Se realizó EEG en todos los pacientes (100%), alterado en 8 pacientes (26,66%). En 5 de los 15 pacientes con miopatía clínica se ha podido confirmar con ENMG. Hemos encontrado relación entre la mayor edad y los días de ingreso en UCI (p = 0,002; IC95%: 4,032-6,022; OR: 3,594). CONCLUSIONES: La infección grave por COVID-19 afecta mayoritariamente a hombres, similar a lo descrito en otras series. La mitad de nuestros pacientes presenta una miopatía aguda, y casi la totalidad de los pacientes salen de la UCI con síndromes confusionales agudos que evolucionan a una resolución completa, sin correlacionarse con los resultados del EEG o de pruebas de neuroimagen. La mayor edad se asocia con un mayor número de días de estancia en UCI

INTRODUCTION: We analysed the neurological complications of patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection who required intensive care unit (ICU) admission. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective, observational, descriptive study of consecutive patients admitted to the ICU due to severe respiratory symptoms secondary to SARS-CoV-2 infection between 1 April and 1 June 2020. RESULTS: We included 30 patients with neurological symptoms; 21 were men (72.40%), and mean age (standard deviation [SD]) was 57.41 years (11.61). The mean duration of ICU stay was 18.83 days (14.33). The neurological conditions recorded were acute confusional syndrome in 28 patients (93.33%), neuromuscular disease in 15 (50%), headache in 5 (16.66%), cerebrovascular disease in 4 (13.33%), and encephalopathies/encephalitis in 4 (13.33%). CSF analysis results were normal in 6 patients (20%). Brain MRI or head CT showed alterations in 20 patients (66.6%). EEG was performed in all patients (100%), with 8 (26.66%) showing abnormal findings. In 5 of the 15 patients with clinical myopathy, diagnosis was confirmed with electroneuromyography. We found a correlation between older age and duration of ICU stay (P = .002; 95%CI: 4.032-6.022; OR: 3,594). CONCLUSIONS: Severe COVID-19 mainly affects men, as observed in other series. Half of our patients presented acute myopathy, and almost all patients left the ICU with acute confusional syndrome, which fully resolved; no correlation was found with EEG or neuroimaging findings. Older age is associated with longer ICU stay

Neurological complications in critical patients with COVID-19. / Complicaciones neurológicas en pacientes críticos por SARS-CoV-2.

INTRODUCTION: We analysed the neurological complications of patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection who required intensive care unit (ICU) admission. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective, observational, descriptive study of consecutive patients admitted to the ICU due to severe respiratory symptoms secondary to SARS-CoV-2 infection between 1 April and 1 June 2020. RESULTS: We included 30 patients with neurological symptoms; 21 were men (72.40%), and mean age (standard deviation [SD]) was 57.41 years (11.61). The mean duration of ICU stay was 18.83 days (14.33). The neurological conditions recorded were acute confusional syndrome in 28 patients (93.33%), neuromuscular disease in 15 (50%), headache in 5 (16.66%), cerebrovascular disease in 4 (13.33%), and encephalopathies/encephalitis in 4 (13.33%). CSF analysis results were normal in 6 patients (20%). Brain MRI or head CT showed alterations in 20 patients (66.6%). EEG was performed in all patients (100%), with 8 (26.66%) showing abnormal findings. In 5 of the 15 patients with clinical myopathy, diagnosis was confirmed with electroneuromyography. We found a correlation between older age and duration of ICU stay (P=.002; 95%CI: 4.032-6.022; OR: 3,594). CONCLUSIONS: Severe COVID-19 mainly affects men, as observed in other series. Half of our patients presented acute myopathy, and almost all patients left the ICU with acute confusional syndrome, which fully resolved; no correlation was found with EEG or neuroimaging findings. Older age is associated with longer ICU stay.

[Neurological complications in critical patients with COVID-19]. / Complicaciones neurológicas en pacientes críticos por SARS-CoV-2.

Introduction: We analysed the neurological complications of patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection who required intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Patients and methods: We conducted a retrospective, observational, descriptive study of consecutive patients admitted to the ICU due to severe respiratory symptoms secondary to SARS-CoV-2 infection between 1 April and 1 June 2020. Results: We included 30 patients with neurological symptoms; 21 were men (72.40%), and mean age (standard deviation [SD]) was 57.41 years (11.61). The mean duration of ICU stay was 18.83 days (14.33). The neurological conditions recorded were acute confusional syndrome in 28 patients (93.33%), neuromuscular disease in 15 (50%), headache in 5 (16.66%), cerebrovascular disease in 4 (13.33%), and encephalopathies/encephalitis in 4 (13.33%). CSF analysis results were normal in 6 patients (20%). Brain MRI or head CT showed alterations in 20 patients (66.6%). EEG was performed in all patients (100%), with 8 (26.66%) showing abnormal findings. In 5 of the 15 patients with clinical myopathy, diagnosis was confirmed with electroneuromyography. We found a correlation between older age and duration of ICU stay (P = .002; 95% CI: 4.032-6.022; OR: 3,594). Conclusions: Severe COVID-19 mainly affects men, as observed in other series. Half of our patients presented acute myopathy, and almost all patients left the ICU with acute confusional syndrome, which fully resolved; no correlation was found with EEG or neuroimaging findings. Older age is associated with longer ICU stay.

Feasibility and utility of the use of real time random safety audits in adult ICU patients: a multicentre study.

PURPOSE: The two aims of this study were first to analyse the feasibility and utility (to improve the care process) of implementing a new real time random safety tool and second to explore the efficacy of this tool in core hospitals (those participating in tool design) versus non-core hospitals. METHODS: This was a prospective study conducted over a period of 4 months in six adult intensive care units (two of which were core hospitals). Safety audits were conducted 3 days per week during the entire study period to determine the efficacy of the 37 safety measures (grouped into ten blocks). In each audit, 50% of patients and 50% of measures were randomized. Feasibility was calculated as the proportion of audits completed over those scheduled and time spent, and utility was defined as the changes in the care process resulting from tool application. RESULTS: A total of 1323 patient-days were analysed. In terms of feasibility, 87.6% of the scheduled audits were completed. The average time spent per audit was 34.5 ± 29 min. Globally, changes in the care process occurred in 5.4% of the measures analysed. In core hospitals, utility was significantly higher in 16 of the 37 measures, all of which were included in good clinical practice guidelines. Most of the clinical changes brought about by the tool occurred in the mechanical ventilation and haemodynamics blocks. Multivariate analyses demonstrated that changes in the care process in each block were associated with the core hospital variable, staffing ratios and severity of patient disease. CONCLUSIONS: Real time safety audits improved the care process and adherence to the clinical practice guidelines and proved to be most useful in situations of high care load and in patients with more severe disease. The effect was greater in core hospitals.

El diagnóstico en medicina tropical en países con pocos recursos / Medical diagnosis in resource-poor tropical countries

Cuando se trabaja en centros sanitarios de países en vías de desarrollo, ante la limitación de recursos diagnósticos, las habilidades clínicas resultan de gran importancia. En este trabajo se presentan las herramientas diagnósticas disponibles en zonas de bajos recursos. La anamnesis y exploración son claves para alcanzar un diagnóstico correcto. En el laboratorio se dispone de hemograma, bioquímica sanguínea básica y uroanálisis elemental. Las pruebas microbiológicas básicas disponibles son el estudio en fresco de las heces, frotis para malaria, baciloscopia de esputo y tinción de Gram de exudados clínicos. Las radiografías elementales de tórax, abdomen, huesos y partes blandas son de gran ayuda, pero tampoco están disponibles en todos los centros. La ecografía puede resultar de gran utilidad por su sencillez y versatilidad. El diagnóstico en condiciones de bajos recursos debe agudizar nuestras habilidades clínicas y debe apoyarse en el uso de pruebas complementarias elementales (AU)

When working in healthcare centers in developing countries where diagnostic resources are limited, clinical skills are of considerable importance. This study presents the diagnostic tools available in resource-poor areas. Anamnesis and physical examination are key components for reaching a correct diagnosis. The laboratory has at its disposal hemograms, basic blood chemistry and urinalysis. The available basic microbiological tests are the study of fresh feces, smears for malaria, direct smears for bacilli in sputum and Gram staining of clinical exudates. Basic radiography of the chest, abdomen, bones and soft tissues are of considerable usefulness but are not available in all centers. Ultrasonography can be of considerable usefulness due to its simplicity and versatility. The diagnosis in low resource conditions should sharpen our clinical skills and should be supported by the use of additional basic tests (AU)

Medical diagnosis in resource-poor tropical countries. / El diagnóstico en medicina tropical en países con pocos recursos.

When working in healthcare centers in developing countries where diagnostic resources are limited, clinical skills are of considerable importance. This study presents the diagnostic tools available in resource-poor areas. Anamnesis and physical examination are key components for reaching a correct diagnosis. The laboratory has at its disposal hemograms, basic blood chemistry and urinalysis. The available basic microbiological tests are the study of fresh feces, smears for malaria, direct smears for bacilli in sputum and Gram staining of clinical exudates. Basic radiography of the chest, abdomen, bones and soft tissues are of considerable usefulness but are not available in all centers. Ultrasonography can be of considerable usefulness due to its simplicity and versatility. The diagnosis in low resource conditions should sharpen our clinical skills and should be supported by the use of additional basic tests.

Assessment of the environmental fate and effects of azilsartan, a selective antagonist of angiotensin II type 1.

In this paper the results of a thorough evaluation of the environmental fate and effects of azilsartan are presented. Azilsartan medoxomil is administered as a pro-drug for the treatment of patients with essential hypertension. The pro-drug is converted by hydrolysis to the active pharmaceutical ingredient azilsartan. Laboratory tests to evaluate the environmental fate and effects of azilsartan medoxomil were conducted with azilsartan and performed in accordance with OECD test guidelines. The predicted environmental concentration (PEC) in surface water was estimated at 0.32 µg L(-1) (above the action limit of 0.01 µg L(-1)), triggering a Phase II assessment. Azilsartan is not readily biodegradable. Results of the water sediment study demonstrated significant shifting of azilsartan metabolites to sediment. Based on the equilibrium partitioning method, metabolites are unlikely to pose a risk to sediment-dwelling organisms. Ratios of the predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) to the predicted-no-effect concentrations (PNECs) did not exceed the relevant triggers, and the risk to aquatic, sewage treatment plant (STP), groundwater and sediment compartments was concluded acceptable. A terrestrial assessment was not triggered. Azilsartan poses an acceptable risk to the environment.

Fe de errores de «La guardia específica de neurología en la formación del médico residente en España» / Erratum. Specific neurology emergency training of medical residents in Spain

No disponible

Donantes a corazón parado tipo III de Maastricht: una opción real / Non-beating heart donors - Maastricht type III: A real option

No disponible

La guardia específica de Neurología en la formación del médico residente en España / Specific neurology emergency training of medical residents in Spain

Introducción: La formación en urgencias neurológicas es fundamental en el programa formativo de los residentes de Neurología. La Comisión Nacional de Neurología (CNN), decidió obtener información sobre el grado en que la Unidades Docentes de Neurología acreditadas posibilitan la realización de guardias específicas de Neurología y su grado de tutorización. Métodos: Realización de una encuesta a los tutores de las Unidades Docentes de Neurología para comprobar que se cumplen los criterios de la formación en guardias de neurología indicados en el programa oficial de formación.Resultados: Se obtuvo respuesta del 98,5% de las unidades docentes de Neurología que existen. En el 47% el médico de plantilla de Neurología tiene guardias de presencia física de 24 horas supervisando directamente al médico residente de Neurología. En el resto existe una diversidad de modelos que no cumplen de manera completa los criterios establecidos por el programa de especialidad. La distribución de los distintos modelos de guardias de Neurología varía mucho entre las distintas unidades docentes y entre las distintas Comunidades Autónomas. Sólo el 65% de los médicos residentes de Neurología realizan su formación en unidades docentes de Neurología que tienen guardias de Neurología autorizadas de manera correcta.Conclusiones: Hay una variabilidad injustificada en el cumplimiento de los criterios de formación en guardias de Neurología en las distintas unidades docentes distribuidas por todo nuestro país, habiendo diferencias de formación entre unos médicos residentes en Neurología y otros (AU)

Introduction: Training in emergency neurological illness is very important for the neurologist today. The Neurology National Commission has decided to obtain information on the work duties of neurologist residents in the different neurology units of the hospitals of our country and the supervision of the training in urgent pathology. Method: A survey of adult neurology program directors to find out if their hospital fulfils the program criteria for the residents duty work. Results: A response rate of 98.5% was obtained. In 47% of the neurology training units a neurologist supervised resident duty work 24hours a day. In the rest of the neurology training units they did not fulfil all the training program criteria. We analysed the differences between the neurologist training units, and there are great differences between the hospitals and all regions and communities in our country. Only 65% of neurology residents do their education in neurology units who fullfill the national program criteria on training on urgent neurology pathologyConclusions: There is too much diversity in resident duty work in neurologist training units and not all the units meet the national training program requirements (AU)

Bases del manejo clínico de la intoxicación por humo de incendios «Docohumo Madrid 2010» / Basis for the clinical management of fire smoke poisoning «Docohumo Madrid 2010»

La intoxicación por humo es la principal causa de morbimortalidad en los incendios. El humo es una mezcla de partículas carbonáceas suspendidas en aire caliente y gases tóxicos. De todos ellos, el monóxido carbono (CO) y fundamentalmente el ácido cianhídrico (CNH) son los que van a provocar la anoxia tisular. Las manifestaciones clínicas de la intoxicación por humo son variables. Algunas de las manifestaciones potenciales podrían ser: irritación ocular, dolor de garganta, estridor laríngeo, disfagia, esputo carbonáceo, tos, disnea, laringoespasmo, broncoespasmo, síndrome coronario, coma, hipoxemia, acidosis láctica, cianosis y muerte. En la evaluación de estos enfermos la presencia de hollín en nariz, boca o esputo sugiere intoxicación grave. Niveles de lactato superiores a 10mmol/l indican cifras de cianuro mayores de 40micromol/l. La pulsicooximetría ha supuesto un avance importante para el diagnóstico, valoración y seguimiento de estos pacientes. En el tratamiento será indispensable valorar la necesidad de una intubación temprana. La administración de oxígeno al 100% será esencial. Como antídoto para el cianuro, el de primera elección es la hidroxicobalamina. Su administración ha de ser precoz. Los criterios de administración son: paciente que ha inhalado humo (restos de hollín en boca, faringe o esputo) y que tenga alteraciones neurológicas (confusión, coma, agitación, convulsiones) y además presenta una de las siguiente circunstancias: bradipnea, parada respiratoria, parada cardiorrespiratoria, shock, hipotensión, láctato >8mmol/l o acidosis láctica. Lógicamente el resto del manejo será convencional en función de síntomas o complicaciones (AU)ies

Poisoning by smoke is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in fires. Smoke is a mixture of carbonaceous particles suspended in hot air and toxic gases. Of these, carbon monoxide (CO) and primarily hydrocyanic acid (CNH), are those that provoke tissue anoxia. The clinical manifestations of smoke poisoning are variables. Some of the potential manifestations could be: eye irritation, sore throat, laryngeal stridor, dysphagia, carbonaceous sputum, cough, dyspnea, laryngospasm, bronchospasm, coronary syndrome, coma, hypoxemia, lactic acidosis, cyanosis and death. In the assessment of these patients the presence of soot in the nose, mouth or sputum suggests serious poisoning. Lactate levels higher than 10mmol/L indicates levels of cyanide major than 40micromole/L. The pulse co-oximetry has assumed an important step forward for the diagnosis, appraisal and monitoring of these patients. In the treatment it will be essential to assess the need of an early intubation. The administration of oxygen to the 100% will be essential. As an antidote to the cyanide, the first-choice is the hydroxocobalamin. Its administration has to be early. Its administration criteria are: patient who has inhaled smoke (remnants of soot in the mouth, pharynx or sputum) and has neurological disorder (confusion, coma, agitation, seizures) and also presents one of the following circumstances: bradypnea, respiratory arrest, cardiorespiratory arrest, shock, hypotension, lactate >8mmol/L or lactic acidosis. Logically, the rest of the management will be conventional depending on symptoms or complications (AU)

[Basis for the clinical management of fire smoke poisoning "Docohumo Madrid 2010"]. / Bases del manejo clínico de la intoxicación por humo de incendios «Docohumo Madrid 2010¼

Poisoning by smoke is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in fires. Smoke is a mixture of carbonaceous particles suspended in hot air and toxic gases. Of these, carbon monoxide (CO) and primarily hydrocyanic acid (CNH), are those that provoke tissue anoxia. The clinical manifestations of smoke poisoning are variables. Some of the potential manifestations could be: eye irritation, sore throat, laryngeal stridor, dysphagia, carbonaceous sputum, cough, dyspnea, laryngospasm, bronchospasm, coronary syndrome, coma, hypoxemia, lactic acidosis, cyanosis and death. In the assessment of these patients the presence of soot in the nose, mouth or sputum suggests serious poisoning. Lactate levels higher than 10mmol/L indicates levels of cyanide major than 40micromole/L. The pulse co-oximetry has assumed an important step forward for the diagnosis, appraisal and monitoring of these patients. In the treatment it will be essential to assess the need of an early intubation. The administration of oxygen to the 100% will be essential. As an antidote to the cyanide, the first-choice is the hydroxocobalamin. Its administration has to be early. Its administration criteria are: patient who has inhaled smoke (remnants of soot in the mouth, pharynx or sputum) and has neurological disorder (confusion, coma, agitation, seizures) and also presents one of the following circumstances: bradypnea, respiratory arrest, cardiorespiratory arrest, shock, hypotension, lactate ≥8mmol/L or lactic acidosis. Logically, the rest of the management will be conventional depending on symptoms or complications.

[Specific neurology emergency training of medical residents in Spain]. / La guardia específica de Neurología en la formación del médico residente en España.

INTRODUCTION: Training in emergency neurological illness is very important for the neurologist today. The Neurology National Commission has decided to obtain information on the work duties of neurologist residents in the different neurology units of the hospitals of our country and the supervision of the training in urgent pathology. METHOD: A survey of adult neurology program directors to find out if their hospital fulfils the program criteria for the residents duty work. RESULTS: A response rate of 98.5% was obtained. In 47% of the neurology training units a neurologist supervised resident duty work 24 hours a day. In the rest of the neurology training units they did not fulfil all the training program criteria. We analysed the differences between the neurologist training units, and there are great differences between the hospitals and all regions and communities in our country. Only 65% of neurology residents do their education in neurology units who fulfill the national program criteria on training on urgent neurology pathology CONCLUSIONS: There is too much diversity in resident duty work in neurologist training units and not all the units meet the national training program requirements.

Bases para el manejo clínico de la intoxicación por humo de incendios / Fundamentals in the clinical management of intoxication due to smoke inhalation

La intoxicación por humo es la principal causa de morbimortalidad en los incendios. El humo es una mezcla de partículas carbonáceas suspendidas en aire caliente y gases tóxicos. De todos ellos, el monóxido carbono (CO) y fundamentalmente el ácido cianhídrico(CNH), son los que van a provocar la anoxia tisular. Las manifestaciones clínicas de la intoxicación por humo son variables. Algunas de las manifestaciones potenciales podrían ser: irritación ocular, dolor de garganta, estridor laríngeo, disfagia, esputo carbonáceo, tos, disnea, laringoespasmo, broncoespasmo, síndrome coronario, coma, hipoxemia,acidosis láctica, cianosis y muerte. En la evaluación de estos enfermos la presencia de hollín en nariz, boca o esputo sugiere intoxicación grave. Los valores delactato superiores a 10 mmol/L indican cifras de cianuro mayores de 40 micromol/L. Lapulsicooximetría ha supuesto un avance importante para el diagnóstico, valoración y seguimiento de estos pacientes. En el tratamiento será indispensable valorar la necesidad de una intubación temprana. La administración de oxígeno al 100% será esencial. Como antídoto para el cianuro, el de primera elección es la hidroxicobalamina. Su administración ha de ser precoz. Los criterios de administración son: paciente que ha inhalado humo (restos de hollín en boca, faringe o esputo) y que tenga alteraciones neurológicas (confusión, coma, agitación, convulsiones) y que además presenta una de las siguiente circunstancias: bradipnea, parada respiratoria, parada cardiorrespiratoria, shock, hipotensión, lactato 8 mmol/L o acidosis láctica. Logicamente, el resto del manejo será el convencional en función de síntomas o complicaciones (AU)

Intoxication due to smoke inhalation is the main cause of morbidity and mortality from fires. Smoke is a mixture of carbon particles suspended in hot air containing toxic gases. Carbon monoxide (CO) and cyanuric acid are the gases that are mainly responsible for tissue anoxia. The clinical signs of intoxication due to smoke inhalation vary. They may include eye irritation, sore throat, laryngeal stridor, dysphagia, soot in sputum, cough, breathlessness, laryngeal spasm,bronchospasm, coronary syndrome, coma, hypoxemia, lactic acidosis, cyanosis, and death. A finding of soot in the nostrils, mouth or sputum suggests severe intoxication. Lactate dehydrogenase levels over 10 mmol/L are indicative of cyanuric acid levels over 40 mmol/L. Pulse oximetry has represented an important advance for diagnosis, examination, and follow-up in this setting. The possible need for early intubation must be assessed and oxygen administration (at100%) is essential. The treatment of choice for cyanuric acid poisoning is hydroxocobalamin. This antidote must be administered promptly whenever a patient has inhaled smoke (soot in mouth, throat or sputum), shows neurologic signs(confusion, coma, agitation, convulsions), or has any of the following signs: bradypnea, respiratory arrest, cardiac arrest,shock, hypotension, lactate dehydrogenase over 8 mmol/L, or lactic acidosis. There after, management will be dictated by symptoms or complications (AU)

Gestión de calidad del Servicio de Emergencias SAMUR-Protección Civil / Quality management of the SAMUR-Civil Protection Emergency Unit

Como en cualquier sector, el enfoque de los serviciossanitarios debe dirigirse al paciente-cliente, girandola organización en torno a sus necesidades. Así,aquella debe tener información objetiva y continuatanto de las necesidades de sus clientes como de susresultados, con parámetros cuantitativos y cualitativos.En el ámbito de los sistemas de emergencias extrahospitalarios,la aplicación de esas medidas es complicada,pues a la variabilidad intrínseca de la urgenciase une, además, la dispersión geográfica, la dificultaddel control de calidad directo de las asistencias y elhecho de que nuestro proceso de asistencia acabe enorganizaciones diferentes.Éste es el reto que hace cinco años se acometió enSAMUR, persiguiendo realizar un análisis continuo delos procesos y resultados del servicio. En este artículose ofrece una visión global de nuestro sistema de calidad,que constituye una base de gestión sustentadafundamentalmente por los siguientes pilares: certificacionesde gestión de calidad, procedimentación de losprocesos, valoración del desempeño, gestión basada enindicadores y productividad basada en objetivos(AU)

As in any sector, the focus of the health servicesmust be directed towards the patient-client as the centreof the system, whit organisation revolving aroundpatient-client needs. Hence, the former must have objectiveand continuous information on both its clients’needs and their results, with quantitative and qualitativeparameters.The application of these measures is complex inthe field of pre-hospital emergency systems, since totheir intrinsic variability is added geographic dispersion,the difficulty in controlling the direct quality ofcare and the fact that our care process ends up in differentorganisations.That is the challenge that was taken up five yearsago in SAMUR with the aim of carry out a continuousanalysis of the processes and results of the service.This article offers an overall vision of our quality system,which forms a basis of management essentiallysupported on the following pillars: certifications ofquality management, process, performance evaluation,management based on indicators and productivity basedon aims(AU)

[Intravenous remifentanyl for labor analgesia]. / Remifentanilo intravenoso para analgesia del trabajo del parto.

BACKGROUND: Intravenous remifentanil may be the preferred analgesic when regional techniques are contraindicated. OBJECTIVE: To perform a systematic review on the use of remifentanil for analgesia in labor. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE (January 1995-August 2007) for studies on obstetric analgesia with remifentanil. RESULTS: We found 32 references representing the use of remifentanil in 257 women in labor. In most cases, patients reported relief of pain and a high level of satisfaction, with no severe side effects in mothers or neonates. When compared with meperidine and nitrous oxide in clinical trials, remifentanil provided better analgesia with fewer adverse effects. CONCLUSION: Analgesia with intravenous remifentanil is more effective and safer than other alternatives to regional analgesic techniques in obstetrics. Nevertheless, the optimum system for infusing the drug must b e established and further studies of maternal and fetal safety should be carried out.

Causes for cancellation of elective surgical procedures in a Spanish general hospital.

Cancellation of scheduled surgery is undesirable for patients and an inefficient use of resources. We prospectively collected data for 52 consecutive months in a public general hospital to estimate the prevalence and causes. The overall cancellation rate was 6.5% (2559 of 39 115 scheduled operations). Cancellation by broad category was for 'medical reasons' in 50%, 'patient-related factors' in 23%, and due to 'administrative/logistic problems' in 25%. The commonest specific causes within these categories were respectively: infections/fever (18%), patient did not attend (20%) and lack of theatre time (23%). This data will help direct resources to target prevention of cancellations as a result of these main problems.

Remifentanilo intravenoso para analgesia del trabajo del parto / Intravenous remifentanyl for labor analgesia

La analgesia con remifentanilo intravenoso podría serla primera alternativa a las técnicas regionales cuandoéstas se encuentran contraindicadas.OBJETIVO: Revisión sistemática de la bibliografía disponiblesobre el uso de remifentanilo como analgesia delparto. Método: Búsqueda en MEDLINE (enero 1995-marzo 2009) y revisión de bibliografía de las publicacionessobre la analgesia obstétrica con remifentanilo.RESULTADOS: Se encontraron 37 referencias con untotal de 281 embarazadas tratadas con remifentanilo. Enla mayoría de los casos las pacientes mostraron descensoen el dolor referido y alto grado de satisfacción, sinefectos secundarios graves en las madres o neonatos.Comparándolo en ensayos clínicos con meperidina y óxidonitroso, el remifentanilo obtuvo mejores resultados enanalgesia y menores efectos secundarios.CONCLUSIÓN: La analgesia con remifentanilo intravenosoes una alternativa más eficaz y segura que otras técnicasno regionales en la analgesia obstétrica. Aún debeestablecerse el sistema óptimo de administración y se precisanestudios más amplios de seguridad materno-fetal(AU)

BACKGROUND: Intravenous remifentanil may be the preferredanalgesic when regional techniques are contraindicated.OBJETIVE: To perform a systematic review on the use ofremifentanil for analgesia in labor.METHODS: We searched MEDLINE (January 1995-August 2007) for studies on obstetric analgesia withremifentanil.RESULTS: We found 32 references representing the use ofremifentanil in 257 women in labor. In most cases, patientsreported relief of pain and a high level of satisfaction, with nosevere side effects in mothers or neonates. When compared withmeperidine and nitrous oxide in clinical trials, remifentanilprovided better analgesia with fewer adverse effects.CONCLUSION: Analgesia with intravenous remifentanil ismore effective and safer than other alternatives to regionalanalgesic techniques in obstetrics. Nevertheless, the optimumsystem for infusing the drug must be established and furtherstudies of maternal and fetal safety should be carried out(AU)